担子菌Basidiomycete > 蘑菇目Agaricales > 蘑菇科Agaricaceae
上一次编辑：2022/7/6
Last edit: 2022/7/6
作者：卷柏
By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia
蘑菇科Agaricaceae Chevall.
= Psalliotaceae Roze. 1876 = Lepiotaceae
Roze.1876 = Lycoperdaceae Chevall.
别称 伞菌科
蘑菇科是蘑菇目下的一科。该科包含了一系列腐生，地生，菌褶离生的蘑菇种类。以前蘑菇科只包含孢子印深色的类群，但是分子生物学研究表明，孢子印为浅色的环柄菇科Lepiotaceae也属于蘑菇科。分子生物学还揭示了一个惊人的事实：一些腹菌和蘑菇科的关系也较为接近，它们是从伞菌特化而来的，例如以前所认为的马勃科Lycoperdaceae其实是环柄菇类特化而来的。
下属类群 Infrataxa：
中国蘑菇科分属检索表（待补充）Key to Agaricaceae in China (INCOMPLETE)：
1.子实体裸果形、假被果形或半被果形，伞菌状--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.子实体被果形，腹菌状或灰菇包状-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
2.孢子印白色、米色、奶油色、淡粉红色等颜色，颜色较浅，且孢子印干后几乎不变色；成熟菌褶通常白色、米色、黄色或粉红色-------------------------3
2.孢子印褐色、黑色、绿色、蓝绿色、暗紫色等颜色，颜色较深，且孢子印干后颜色常常变深；成熟菌褶通常褐色、绿色、黑色、灰色-------------------13
3.新鲜时菌盖表面黏，无鳞片（但干燥时龟裂），菌盖表皮由子实层状排列的细胞组成；侧生囊状体存在，其中常有反光性的黄色物质---------------------露伞属Chamaemyces
3.新鲜时菌盖表面不黏，通常有鳞片，盖表皮形式多样；侧生囊状体一般无，即使存在也几乎透明--------------------------------------------------------------------4
4.担孢子有疣突或刺；菌褶柠檬黄色至硫磺色，有时带有绿色色调--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------疣孢环柄菇属Verrucospora
4.担孢子表面光滑至近光滑；菌褶白色、黄色或其他颜色---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
5.盖表被粉状鳞片，鳞片由排列松散的近球形膨大细胞或者杆状细胞构成；菌褶菌髓通常网架型------------------------------------------------------------------------6
5.盖表被片状、锥状或其他形态的鳞片，或者光滑无鳞片，鳞片结构多样；菌褶菌髓规则型或网架型------------------------------------------------------------------7
6.菌盖鳞片由近球形膨大细胞组成；锁状联合常见------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------囊小伞属Cystolepiota
6.菌盖鳞片由杆状细胞构成，锁状联合缺失---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------粉尘环柄菇属Coniolepiota
7.担孢子薄壁，一般单层，无芽孔；菌褶菌髓通常网架型---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
7.担孢子厚壁，一般多层，有芽孔；菌褶菌髓通常规则型---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
8.鳞片糠麸状，由近平伏的不规则排列菌丝组成；菌褶成熟后常变为灰色或浅灰色------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------假环柄菇属Pseudolepiota
8.鳞片形态多样，或无鳞片，结构多样；菌褶成熟后一般不变灰色---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
9.菌盖鳞片锥状或刺状，由近球形、椭圆形、长椭圆形细胞组成------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------锐鳞环柄菇属Echinoderma
9.菌盖鳞片片状，或无鳞片；鳞片存在时由排列规则的棒状细胞或菌丝构成；鳞片不存在时盖表皮由子实层状排列的菌丝构成---------------------------------环柄菇属Lepiota
10.子实体体型中等至较大；担孢子无芽孔或平截芽孔（无孔盖）；菌柄光滑无鳞片------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------青褶伞属Chlorophyllum
10.子实体体型小型，中等至较大；担孢子无芽孔或有芽孔，有或无孔盖；菌柄通常有鳞片-------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
11.子实体体型中等至较大；担孢子芽孔有孔盖；担子和褶缘囊状体基部常有锁状联合--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------大环柄菇属Macrolepiota
11.子实体体型小型至中等；担孢子芽孔有或无孔盖；担子和褶缘囊状体基部无锁状联合-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
12.子实体菌肉较厚；盖缘无沟槽或有浅沟槽；拟担子（pseudoparaphyses）不存在；担孢子无芽孔或有芽孔但无孔盖------------------------------------------白环蘑属Leucoagaricus
12.子实体菌肉较薄；盖表有明显辐射状沟槽；拟担子存在，在子实层中大量出现；担孢子通常有芽孔且有孔盖----------------------------------------------------白鬼伞属Leucocoprinus
13.菌褶成熟后液化自融；孢子印黑色；担孢子成熟后菌肉具有红色调----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------鬼伞属Coprinus/蒙塔假菇属Montagnea
13.不符合上述综合特征-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
14.孢子印绿色调，绿色、蓝绿色、橄榄色等；盖表鳞片一般由膨大细胞构成--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
14.孢子印褐色、红褐色、近黑色、深紫罗兰色、深蓝色等色调；盖表鳞片一般由菌丝构成，如果由膨大细胞构成则细胞紧密排列使鳞片呈现壳状--------17
15.子实体小型；盖表被颗粒至粉末状鳞片，由球形至近球形的膨大细胞构成；菌褶常常暗红色至深蓝色--------------------------------------------------------------暗褶菌属（红褶小伞属）Melanophyllum
15.子实体中等至大型；盖表鳞片非颗粒状或粉尘状，由子实层状或毛状细胞构成；菌褶颜色白色至淡绿色-----------------------------------------------------------16
16.菌托存在；菌盖鳞片由毛状排列的细胞构成------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------绿褶托菇属Clarkeinda
16.菌托不存在；菌盖鳞片由子实层状排列的细胞构成---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------青褶伞属Chlorophyllum
17.菌褶往往带有蓝色调；子实体被红褐色的絮状鳞片覆盖，鳞片由不规则排列，不膨大的细胞构成---------------------------------------------------------------------海氏蘑菇属Heinemannomyces
17.不符合上述综合描述------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
18.菌盖中央有壳状鳞片，鳞片由子实层状或拟薄壁组织排列的细胞组成---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
18.菌盖中央一般无壳状鳞片，鳞片往往为其他结构------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
19.担孢子黄褐色；盖表菌丝常有色素------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------黄蘑菇属Xanthagaricus
19.担孢子紫黑色；盖表菌丝一般无色素---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------层蘑菇属Hymenagaricus
20.子实体小型至中等；担孢子褐色，内孢壁顶端加厚，类糊精状；盖表菌丝在NH₄OH中变橄榄绿色------------------------------------------------------------------蘑菇属Agaricus
20.子实体中等至大型；担孢子紫褐色，内孢壁不加厚，非糊精状或不明显糊精状；盖表菌丝在NH₄OH中不变色---------------------------------------------------小蘑菇属Micropsalliota
21.有发育良好的、明显的中空菌柄；孢体位于菌柄的末端---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
21.无柄，或有实心的假柄（不孕基座）---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------待补充 TO BE DEVELOPED
22.孢体被包裹在球形或近球形结构中，顶端有一释放孢子的小孔------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------柄灰包属Tulostoma
22.孢体被包裹在半球形结构中，成熟时整个半球形结构的上部开裂以释放孢子------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------钉灰包属Battarrea
注：褐伞属Phaeolepiota等传统上归入蘑菇科，但目前分类地位有争议的类群，不囊括在检索表中。
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引用 Cite as
蔡佳铭.蘑菇科Agaricaceae.菌物志.
2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top
Jiaming Cai. Family Agaricaceae in
China. Mycopedia. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top
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