担子菌Basidiomycete > 蘑菇目Agaricales > 蘑菇科Agaricaceae > 青褶伞属Chlorophyllum > 大青褶伞C.molybdites

上一次编辑：2022/7/4

Last edit: 2022/7/4

作者：卷柏

By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia.com

大青褶伞Chlorophyllum molybdites Massee (1898)

= Chlorophyllum esculentum Massee.1898 = Agaricus molybdites G. Mey.1818 = Lepiota molybdites (G. Mey.) Sacc.1887

别称青褶伞、铅青褶伞、铅绿褶菇

俗称 ICU菇

图一（左）未成熟的大青褶伞，菌盖上的膜质结构还未破裂。

图二（中）成熟的大青褶伞，菌盖鳞片呈一整块，在菌盖顶端。

图三（右）成熟的大青褶伞，菌盖鳞片被撕裂成小块。

Fig 1 Left: Immature basidiomata with a hymendermal covering.

Fig 2 Middle: Mature basidiomata. The entire covering is like a hat.

Fig 3 Right: Mature basidiomata. The covering is ripped into small squamules.

大青褶伞是一种经常在夏天，长在草地和田地里的蘑菇。它们常常挤作一团，大量生长在一起。我曾见过一大片的大青褶伞，一夜之间“拔地而起”，挤在一片狭窄的草地上。相对于其他的蘑菇来说，大青褶伞的体型颇大，其菌盖经常能有人脸大小。大青褶伞的菌盖上有着细小的褐色鳞片，这些鳞片在幼时是一整块，随着菌盖的生长被撑开撕破形成鳞片。当环境湿润时，鳞片便不容易破碎，常常一整片扣在菌盖顶端（如图二）；而当环境干燥时，鳞片很容易被撕裂，形成许多的小鳞片（如图三）。除此之外，大青褶伞的标志性特征还有其绿色的菌褶（完全成熟的情况下）和绿色的孢子印。大青褶伞的菌褶幼时白色，逐渐变为绿色或者绿褐色，这些绿色其实是孢子的颜色。大青褶伞孢子印呈现灰绿色或橄榄绿色，这在整个菌物界中独树一帜。红褶小伞属Melanophyllum的物种有时也会有蓝绿色孢子印，但是它们的外貌完全不一样。

大青褶伞产量大，白白净净，看上去很令人有食欲，但遗憾的是它们并不喜欢人类。大青褶伞体内含有青褶伞素（molybdophyllysin），一种金属内肽酶毒素，能引起肠胃炎型中毒，中毒症状包含腹痛、恶心、呕吐、腹泻等，据记载大青褶伞也会对肝等脏器和神经系统造成损害。

<“毒性很强，但味道确实鲜美。” ——中毒者描述 >

大青褶伞是我国南方造成中毒最多的蘑菇之一，仅2019-2021 年在中国就引起至少275 起中毒事件，造成560 人中毒。不过，大青褶伞很少致死，目前没有明确的致死案例（听说在台湾有一例致死，但我没有查到相关的记载）。大青褶伞和一些可食用的大环柄菇，例如高大环柄菇Macrolepiota procera很相似，这也是许多人心安理得把这些有毒蘑菇吃下肚的原因——在他们老家，这“的确”是一种可食用的蘑菇。区别在于，大青褶伞菌柄完全光滑（没有任何鳞片），菌褶成熟后发绿，菌柄基部受伤变红褐色，这几点是任何大环柄菇属物种都不具备的。毛头鬼伞Coprinus comatus有时也会被当成大青褶伞，前者又称鸡腿菇，幼时可食用。区别在于，毛头鬼伞幼时菌盖长椭圆形，表面的鳞片翘起，像睫毛一样；而大青褶伞菌盖接近球形，表面鳞片平伏；此外成熟后的毛头鬼伞会开始融化成黑色的汁液，大青褶伞不会。要是实在无法区分，做孢子印：大青褶伞孢子印绿色，大环柄菇属孢子印白色，毛头鬼伞孢子印黑色。

中毒案例：在一例中毒案件中，三位患者误食了4朵大青褶伞，1小时后出现症状，5小时后入院，进行了输液治疗，加有阿托品类、维生素B6和维生素C，患者陆续在1-2天内出院。

Chlorophyllum molybdites occurs on lawns or farmlands in hot summer days, at an amazing amount, size and speed. The mushroom can often be found in dense colony - I’ve even seen like, a hundred mushrooms clustered on a small grassland, popping out from the ground in just one night. C.molybdites is also gigantic, at least comparing to other mushroom species. The cap is often as wide as your face! The brown squamules on the cap was together as an entire covering at first, but was teared apart as the cap expands. When the environment is moist, the covering is ductile and sticks to the top of the cap as an entire squamule (see Fig 1). When the environment is dry, the covering is easily torn into small squamules (see Fig 2).

Some other distinguishing features include its greenish gills when mature and green spore prints. The gills are white at first, turning brownish, with a tint of green coming from the mature spores. The spore prints are olive green or greyish green, and there’s no mistake recognizing it when you see its special spore print color. Several species in Melanophyllum also got greenish spore print, but their macroscopic feature is completely different.

Despite its fleshy and juicy looking, C.molybdites is a highly poisonous mushroom, causing severe stomach ache, nausea, emesis, diarrhea (the so-called ‘gastrointestinal irritants syndrome’). C.molybdites is also recorded harmful to liver and the neural system. The toxin is molybdophyllysin, a metalloendopeptidase. In only 2019-2021, the mushroom caused at least 275 poisonous outbreaks, over 560 people were poisoned. However, there were no clear records of the mushroom causing death (I’ve heard about a death case caused by C.molybdites in Taiwan, but I didn’t find any related documents). C.molybdites is very similar to several edible species in Macrolepiota in a glance, such as Macrolepiota procera. C.molybdites is featured with smooth stem (without any squamules or scales), greenish gills when mature, stem base that bruises reddish-brown when injured, while Macrolepiota is not. Coprinus comatus is another edible mushroom often confused with C.molybdites. The difference is that the former has a long, oval cap with curved squamules when young; the latter has a round one and squamules that sticks to the cap. Also, the former deliquesces when mature, and the latter never deliquesces. If you’re still confused, spore print! You’ll never confuse C.molybdites green spore print with Macrolepiota’s white ones or Coprinus coamtus’ black one.

Case Report: In a poisoning case, 3 patients ate 4 mushrooms and presented symptoms in an hour. They were hospitalized in 5 hours. Patients were treated with transfusion, in addition with atropine, Vitamin B₆ and C. The patients are discharged from the hospital in 1-2 days.

图四（左）大青褶伞成熟后的铅绿色菌褶，和绿色孢子印。

图五（右）蛞蝓（鼻涕虫）取食大青褶伞，因此“毒蘑菇没有虫子吃”是谣言

Fig 4 Left: C.molybdites with its greenish lamellae (when mature) and green spore print.

Fig 5 Right: Slugs feeding on C.molybdites. Huh, it seems that bugs do eat poisonous mushrooms.

描述 Discription：

担子果中等至大型，伞菌状。

菌盖：幼时半球形至扁半球形，后期平凸或近平展，有时菌盖中部有一钝凸起。直径(5)8-17(25)cm，白色至近白色。幼时菌盖表皮膜状结构褐色或浅褐色，随着菌盖开展逐渐裂开成为鳞片，鳞片褐色、浅褐色至褐紫色，形态变化大，中部鳞片大而完整，四周的鳞片逐渐变小而稀疏，有时不存在小鳞片或小鳞片脱落。

菌肉：白色，软，肉质。干后有芳香气味。菌柄基部的菌肉，伤变粉红色至红褐色。

菌褶：离生，宽，不等长，较密。初期白色，后期变浅绿色、绿褐色、青褐色等色调，干燥后呈绿褐色、深蓝绿色、深灰绿色、淡青灰色等色调。褶缘有粉粒。*所以——菌褶到底是什么颜色呢？其实菌褶就是幼时白色，成熟后带绿色调而已，但是菌物学家们执着地要把这些颜色准确地表述出来。

菌柄：长10-18(28)cm，直径0.8-1.5(2.5)。中生，圆柱形至近圆柱形，基部略膨大，偶尔膨大至球形。白色、污白色至浅灰色，纤维质，中空，菌环以上光滑，菌环以下有白色纤毛。

菌环：发育完全，上位，膜质，双层，厚，可以整个脱落，并在菌柄上上下移动。*想象戒指戴在手指上的样子。上侧白色，下侧褐色。

担孢子：8.5-13×6-9μm。侧面观宽杏仁形，腹面观近卵形，顶端有平截芽孔。壁厚，光滑。KOH中透明至浅橄榄色，类糊精质。

担子：27-36×(9.5)11-14(16)μm，4孢，棒状，薄壁，无色透明。

囊状体：褶缘囊状体存在，21-40×(9)13-21，棒状（末端膨大）。侧生囊状体无。

锁状联合：无。

盖表皮：鳞片由子实层状排列的细胞构成。盖皮平伏型（cutis）。

试剂：遇KOH无反应。

生境分布：腐生，地生，往往群生或散生，或排列成蘑菇圈。生于热带和亚热带地区。草地、林地、肥沃的田地上多见。北美洲、大洋洲、非洲、欧洲和亚洲都有分布。在我国集中分布在华南地带，东北（黑龙江和内蒙古）偶有分布。

经济价值：有毒，引起严重的肠胃炎型中毒。

General Description: Basidiomata medium to large, agaricoid.

Pileus (Cap): Hemispherical when young, plano-convex to nearly flat when mature, occasionally with a obtuse hump at the middle of the pileus. (5)8-17(25)cm in diameter, white to whitish. Hymenidermal pileus covering brown or pale brown, present when young, and is ripped into squamules as the pileus expands. Squamules brown, pale brown to purplish brown, various in shape, the entire squamule in the middle is usually large, and the surrounding squamules become small and distance towards the margin. Occasionally, small squamules are absent, or they fall off from the pileus.

Context: White, soft, fleshy. Dry specimen with aromatic smells. Bruise pinkish red or reddish brown at the stem base when injured.

Lamellae (Gills): Free, broad, lamellulae present, crowded. White at first, turning pale green, greenish brown, cyanic brown, etc. Dry specimen greenish brown, dark cyan, dark greyish green, pale cyanic grey, etc. With granules at the edge of lamellae. *I mean, can’t mycologists just say ‘Whitish when young and greenish when mature’?

Stem: 10-18(28)cm long, 0.8-1.5(2.5) wide. Central, cylindrical to subcylindrical, slightly swollen at the base, sometimes significantly swollen into a bulb. White, whitish to pale greyish, fibrous, hollow, above-annulus part smooth, below-annulus part finely haired.

Annulus (Ring): Well developed, ascending, hymenidermal, double-crowed, moveable. *Able to move up and down on the stem, like a ring on a finger.

Basidiospores: 8.5-13 x 6-9 µm, broadly amygdaliform from side view, subovoid from ventral view. With a germ pore caused by depression in the episporium on the truncate apex. Thick-walled, smooth, hyaline to pale olive green in KOH.

Basidia: Cheilocystidia 27-36 x (9.5)11-14(16) µm, clavate. Pleurocystidia absent.

Clamp connections: Absent.

Pileipellis: A hymeniderm on scales and cutis on cap.

Ecology & Distribution: Saprobic, terrestrial. Scattered, in clusters or in fairy rings. In tropical and subtropical areas. Mostly on grassland, lawns, forestland, fertile farmland, etc. Distribute in North America, Oceania, Africa, Europe and Asia. Mainly distribute in southern China, occasionally found in North-East of China (Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia)

Economic Value: Severely poisonous, causing gastrointestinal irritants syndrome.

相似物种Similar Species：

青褶伞属其他物种Several other species in Chlorophyllum:

青褶伞属的其他物种都没有绿色的菌褶和孢子印，而是白色或者淡黄色的孢子印。变红青褶伞C.hortense体型小，鳞片颜色淡，接近淡黄褐色。拟乳头状青褶伞C.neomastoideum菌盖中间乳头状凸起。球孢青褶伞C.sphaerosporum菌肉受伤不变色，而不像大青褶伞那样菌柄受伤变红色。球盖青褶伞C.globosum是一个和大青褶伞有密切关系的物种，两者形态很相似，除了孢子印颜色的区别外，球盖青褶伞褶缘囊状体多为宽棒状至球头短柄状，大青褶伞多为棒状。可食用的粗鳞青褶伞C.rhacodes目前仅发现在我国新疆地区有分布，其鳞片粗大色深，菌柄基部常常膨大为球形，而大青褶伞鳞片小，颜色更淡，一般菌柄基部略微膨大，少数情况下膨大为球形。同样可食用的褐变青褶伞C.brunneum也与大青褶伞略为相似，该物种可能在我国有分布，其鳞片形态同样粗大色深，基部近杵状膨大——像鼓槌一样，菌柄末端突然明显膨大。

大环柄菇属Macrolepiota：

大环柄菇属的菌柄上多少有鳞片，例如高大环柄菇M.procera的菌柄上是蛇皮花纹状排列的鳞片，但大青褶伞（以及其他青褶伞属物种）菌柄光滑。大环柄菇属菌柄受伤后不变色，大青褶伞菌柄基部受伤变红褐色。大环柄菇属菌褶和孢子印白色，大青褶伞菌褶成熟后发绿，孢子印绿色。

环柄菇属Lepiota：

环柄菇属的蘑菇体型小，菌环通常脆弱，难以留存。

图集 Picture Album：

图六（左）大青褶伞和美冠兰生长在同一片草地上，可以看到大青褶伞那泛绿色的菌褶

图七（右）幼年大青褶伞，和毛头鬼伞有几分像

Fig 6 Left: C.molybdites and Eulophia graminea (plant) growing on grassland. You can see the greenish tones on the mature gills of C.molybdites.

Fig 7 Right: C.molybdites – young version.

图八（左）路边的大青褶伞。

图九（中）田地里的大青褶伞

图十（右）幼年的大青褶伞。这个个体的鳞片略为翘起，十分近似于毛头鬼伞（鸡腿菇），但其鳞片非毛状，菌柄弯曲，菌盖椭圆形（不够长），和毛头鬼伞的气质略有区别。在野外不确定的蘑菇坚决不吃！

图八-十引自中国科学院微生物研究所学术期刊公众号科微学术。图片均摄于中毒现场。

Fig 8 Left: C.molybdites – roadside version.

Fig 9 Middle: C.molybdites – farmland version.

Fig 10 Right: Young C.molybdites. The squamules on the mushroom are slightly curved, making it very similar to edible Coprinus comatus. However, its stem isn’t straight and its cap is not long enough compared to Coprinus comatus.

Fig 8-10 retrieved from Keweixueshu, the official account of Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

参考资料References

杨祝良主编. 中国真菌志第五十二卷环柄菇类（蘑菇科）[M].2019.科学出版社

陈作红，杨祝良，图力古尔，李泰辉编. 毒蘑菇识别与中毒防治 [M].2016.科学出版社

科微学术，微信公众号.科微论文周边-李海蛟博士带您了解毒蘑菇——大青褶伞. 2022

Zai-Wei Ge，Zhu L. Yang. The genus Chlorophyllum (Basidiomycetes) in China, 2006

Zai-Wei Ge, Adriaana Jacobs, Else C. Vellinga, Phongeun Sysouphanthong, Retha van der Walt, Carmine Lavorato, Yi-Feng An, and Zhu L. Yang. A multi-gene phylogeny of Chlorophyllum (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota): new species, new combination and infrageneric classification[J]2018, MycoKeys (32): 65–90.

Michael Loizides, Pablo Alvarado, Elias Polemis, Matthias Gube. Multiple evolutionary origins of sequestrate species in the agaricoid genus Chlorophyllum[J]2020. Mycologia 112(2):1–23

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蔡佳铭.大青褶伞Chlorophyllum molybdites-菌物志. 2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top

Jiaming Cai.Chlorophyllum molybdites. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top

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