担子菌Basidiomycete > 蘑菇目Agaricales > 小脆柄菇科Psathyrellaceae > 小鬼伞属Coprinellus
上一次编辑：2022/7/15
Last edit: 2022/7/15
作者：卷柏
By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia
小鬼伞属Coprinellus P. Karst. 1879
图一（左）
晶粒小鬼伞或近缘，该种常被俗称为“狗尿苔”
图二（中）
辐毛小鬼伞或近缘，在其生长的木头上可见橙色的菌丝束。
图三（右）
某种小鬼伞的菌丝束。
Fig 1 Left: C.aff.micaceus.
Fig 2 Middle: C.aff.radians.
Orange ozonium can be observed on the surface of the log.
Fig 3 Right: A patch of
dense ozonium.
小鬼伞属是小脆柄菇科下的一属，是典型的鬼伞类真菌。该属的主要特征是菌盖表皮由球形、近球形或多边形细胞构成（即Paraderm型的菌盖表皮）、无盖囊体（白小鬼伞C.disseminatus除外）。宏观上看，该属的许多物种菌盖为黄褐色或淡黄色，少数物种近白色；菌幕残余颗粒状或簇状；会自融（白小鬼伞除外）。
该属下最为常见的一个物种是晶粒小鬼伞C.micaceus，也就是俗称的“狗尿苔”*。该种由于其菌盖上的颗粒状菌幕（菌幕容易被雨水冲刷掉）而得名。晶粒小鬼伞和甜味小鬼伞C.saccharinus两个物种之间十分相似，区别在于前者存在柄囊体，而后者没有柄生囊状体，而仅偶尔见稍微膨大的菌柄末端细胞。
白小鬼伞Coprinellus disseminatus是该属最为特殊的一个物种。它的画风和其他小鬼伞属物种颇为不同，且不会自融，拥有盖生囊状体。该属曾被单独分作一个属——假鬼伞属Pseudocoprinus（因此该种也曾被称为小假鬼伞），但分子证据表明它应属于小鬼伞属。分子证据表明，该种处于分子树的末端，和晶粒小鬼伞类形成姊妹群。
小鬼伞属的部分物种，包括辐毛小鬼伞C.radians、黄鳞小鬼伞C.ellisii、金粒小鬼伞C.aureogranulatus、家园小鬼伞C.domesticus和庭院小鬼伞C.xanthothrix等物种会在其生长基物上产生橙黄色毛状的菌丝束（不要和橘色藻Trentepohlia sp.混淆）。菌丝束的存在是鉴别它们的重要特征。在这些物种中：辐毛小鬼伞和黄鳞小鬼伞菌盖颜色深，黄褐色，且菌丝束十分明显；其中黄鳞小鬼伞的体型略小，担孢子长度小于7μm，而辐毛小鬼伞体型较大，担孢子长度大于7μm。金粒小鬼伞的头顶有黄褐色颗粒状菌幕残余。家园小鬼伞和庭院小鬼伞的菌盖色淡，近淡黄色，且菌丝束不明显，有时甚至几乎无菌丝束；其中家园小鬼伞的褶缘囊状体不存在烧瓶型，而庭院小鬼伞可见烧瓶型的褶缘囊状体。
另外，在我国还有一个小鬼伞物种，即卷毛小鬼伞C.flocculosus，拥有白色簇状的菌幕残余。
小鬼伞属的一些物种，如假小鬼伞C.hiascens，林地小鬼伞C.silvaticus和拟白小鬼伞C.pseudodisseminatus的分类地位有争议，比较新的研究（朱力扬等，2022）认为它们应该归入刺毛鬼伞属Tulosesus。
*狗尿苔可以泛指很多种的蘑菇，而并不特指一种菇。晶粒小鬼伞是其中最常见的一种之一。
Coprinellus is a genus under Psathyrellaceae,
a common coprinoid mushroom genus. Coprinellus is characterized by a
paraderm pileipellis composed of globose, subglobose to angular cells and the
absence of pileocystidia (except for C.disseminatus).
Macroscopically, many species of the genus have yellowish brown to pale
yellowish pileus, few species have whitish pileus; veil remanent in the form of
granules or woolly flocks. Most species deliquesce when mature (except for C.disseminatus).
The most common species in Coprinellus
is C.micaceus, the name referrers to the
distinguishing mica-like veil granules on the cap (but can be easily washed off
by rain). C.saccharinus is a very similar species differs from C.micacues by the absence of caulocystidia.
C.disseminatus is the most wired species, with
its tiny and sulcated cap, not-deliquescing tissue and the present of
pileocystidia, unlike anyone else of Coprinellus. The species was once
classified in another genus Pseudocoprinus – ‘pseudo’ means false, so
the mycologists didn’t even consider it as a coprinoid mushroom – until the DNA
tests clearly shows its position in Coprinellus. It turns out, C.disseminatus is at the edge of the molecular tree,
close to C.micaceus, indicating it is a somehow more advanced version of
C.micaceus.
Several species, including C.radians, C.ellisii, C.aureogranulatus, C.domesticus and
C.xanthothrix produce a special orange mycelium called ozonium on the
surface of the substance, usually logs or tree trunks. The presence of ozonium
is an important feature. Among them, C.radians
and C.ellisii have yellowish-brown cap and ozonium that are dense
and significant, the former has smaller fruiting bodies and basidiospores
(length < 7 µm), and the latter has larger fruiting bodies and basidiospores
(length > 7 µm). C.aureogranulatus has yellowish-brown granules on
the cap. C.domesticus and C.xanthothrix have
paler cap and rather unconspicuous ozonium, sometimes even lacks ozonium, the
latter presents lageniform cheilocystidia, while the former doesn’t.
Another Coprinellus
in China with whitish flocks on the cap is C.flocculosus.
The species is rather rare.
Species like C.hiascens, C.silvaticus
and C.pseudodisseminatus have
unclear taxonomic position. Recent studies (朱力扬Zhu LY et al. 2022) shows that they
should be placed in Tulosesus.
中国小鬼伞分种检索表Key to Coprinellus in China：
1.子实体大量簇生；菌盖小，宽度小于2cm，有明显棱纹，白色、灰色至灰褐色；不自融；有盖生囊状体-----------------白小鬼伞C.disseminatus
1.不完全符合上述描述------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2.可见橙黄色的菌丝束------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
2.未见橙黄色的菌丝束------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
3.菌幕残余颗粒状，容易脱落，由球形、近球形和沙包形细胞构成---------------------------------------------------------------------金粒小鬼伞C.aureogranulatus
3.菌幕残余簇状，不容易脱落，由链状排列的近球形，囊形和圆柱形细胞构成------------------------------------------------------4
4.菌丝束发达；菌盖一般黄褐色------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
4.菌丝束不甚明显；菌盖淡黄色至近白色------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
5.担孢子较小，长度小于7µm；褶缘囊状体囊型或近球形--------------------------------------------------------------------------------黄鳞小鬼伞C.ellisii
5.担孢子较大，长度大于7µm；褶缘囊状体烧瓶形-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------辐毛小鬼伞C.radians
6.没有烧瓶型的褶缘囊状体------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------家园小鬼伞C.domesticus
6.褶缘囊状体长颈烧瓶型---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------庭院小鬼伞C.xanthothrix
7.菌幕残余颗粒状，容易脱落，由球形、近球形或沙包形细胞构成---------------------------------------------------------------------10
7.菌幕残余簇状，不容易脱落，由链状排列的近球形，囊形和圆柱形细胞构成------------------------------------------------------8
8.柄生囊状体不存在；菌幕残余白色，聚成片状，较为明显------------------------------------------------------------------------------卷毛小鬼伞C.flocculosus
8.柄生囊状体存在；菌幕残余或多或少带褐色，较细小，不明显------------------------------------------------------------------------9
9.没有烧瓶型的褶缘囊状体------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------家园小鬼伞C.domesticus
9.褶缘囊状体长颈烧瓶型---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------庭院小鬼伞C.xanthothrix
10.具长颈瓶形柄生囊状体--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------晶粒小鬼伞C.micaceus
10.不具柄生囊状体，仅偶见稍膨大的菌柄表皮末端细胞-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------甜味小鬼伞C.saccharinus
参考资料References
朱力扬，黄梅，图力古尔. 2022. 中国鬼伞类真菌的分类.
菌物学报，
41（6）：878-898
Shah Hussain, Muhammad Usman, Najam Ul
Sehar Afshan, Muhammad Nadeem Maqbool. 2015. The genus Coprinellus
(Basidiomycota; Agaricales) in Pakistan with the description of four new
species. MycoKeys 39(3)
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引用 Cite as
蔡佳铭.小鬼伞属Coprinellus.菌物志. 2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top
Jiaming Cai. Genus Coprinellus in
China. Mycopedia. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top
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