担子菌Basidiomycete > 伞菌目Agaricales > 小脆柄菇科Psathyrellaceae > 拟鬼伞属Coprinopsis
上一次编辑：2022/7/27
Last edit: 2022/7/27
作者：卷柏
By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia
拟鬼伞属Coprinopsis P. Karst. 1881
拟鬼伞属Coprinopsis是鬼伞类真菌中的大宗类群。这个类群之所以要叫“拟”鬼伞（学名后缀-opsis是“相似”的意思），完全是因为有另一个属（Coprinus）已经把“鬼伞”的名字给占了，并不是因为它们不是真正的鬼伞。
拟鬼伞属的成员宏观体型和形态都很多变，很难用寥寥数句就概括完全。我个人喜欢将拟鬼伞划分成四类来看待：（注意：以下的分类并不代表实际分类学，仅仅是为了方便所做的人为分类）
1) 以墨汁拟鬼伞（墨汁鬼伞）C.atramentaria为代表的第一类，体型大，有着较为敦实的菌盖和菌柄（菌盖平展宽度通常>4cm，菌柄宽0.5cm及以上）；菌盖肉厚；菌盖表面从明显的片状鳞片到少量不明显的纤维状鳞片都有，没有明显条纹，不透明；会自融。这类拟鬼伞的菌柄中下方常常会有类似菌环的结构，但那实际上是外菌幕残余。1类拟鬼伞有时容易和小鬼伞属Coprinellus混淆，但是两者能通过菌盖皮层类型清晰地区分开来。这一类包含了sect.Atramentariae，sect.Picacea等。
2) 以白绒拟鬼伞C.lagopus为代表的第二类，体型比前者小一个量级（菌盖平展宽度约4cm，菌柄宽约0.5cm）；菌盖肉薄，成熟后甚至有些半透明状，表面可见条纹；菌盖表面有密集的羊毛状鳞片（实为菌幕残余），但鳞片容易被雨水冲刷掉；一般会自融。这类拟鬼伞盖表通常有明显的鳞片状菌幕残余（尤其是幼年），菌幕残余一般为白色。这一类包含了sect.Cinereae，sect.Lanatulae等。
3) 以美丽拟鬼伞C.bellula为代表的第三类，体型则更加小，不稍加注意甚至可能错过它们；它们的菌盖肉很薄，几近透明，表面明显沟刻状起伏；但是菌盖表面密被大量不透明的鳞片，尤其是沟纹凸出的部分。由于它们的肉实在太少，它们自融时甚至难以形成任何液体，这种介于自融和非自融之间的状态被称为萎蔫（collapsing）。3类拟鬼伞很容易和其他小型的鬼伞类真菌，如刺毛鬼伞属Tulosesus、心孢鬼伞属Narcissea和近地伞属Parasola混淆。一般来说，刺毛鬼伞的菌盖表面有细绒毛，但无鳞片，即便有也很快会脱落；心孢鬼伞属盖表有大量鳞片，但菌盖边缘波浪状，不平整，整个菌盖看上去像小花一般，有的物种还有明显的菌环；近地伞属既无细绒毛也无鳞片，且菌盖完全平展后中部常常下凹（绝对不会凸出）；3类拟鬼伞的菌盖表面有大量鳞片，但菌盖边缘一般非波浪状。不过，鳞片这一特征可能会被雨水冲刷掉，因此区分这些物种最好还是通过显微特征。这一类包含了sect.Coprinopsis，sect.Niveae，sect.Subniveae等。
4) 以吉林拟鬼伞C.jilinensis为代表的第四类，其形态和第一类相似（体型较大，较为敦实，菌盖肉厚，无明显条纹），不过它们不会自融——并不是因为它们的肉太少了无法自融，而是根本不会开始溶解，像小脆柄菇属Psathyrella的那些种类一样。4类拟鬼伞很少见，以前一般被归入小脆柄菇属，近年来系统发育学兴起后才被重新归入拟鬼伞属中。
Coprinopsis are a large genus in coprinoid mushroom. The suffix ‘opsis’
means ‘alike’, but it doesn’t mean that Coprinopsis
is somewhat ‘Coprinoid-alike’, the genus is named so
because the name ‘Coprinus’ was already taken.
Coprinopsis species varies from large
toadstools to miniscule fungi, and it’ll be easier to describe the genus Coprinopsis if we divides it into four
categories: (note: these are not taxonomic classifications, instead they are
humanoid classifications just to help you understand)
Category One: Representative C.atramentaria.
They have relatively large basidiomata, with firm cap and stem (cap diameter
usually > 4cm, stem usually ≥ 5cm in width); context thick; squamules
on pileus surface ranges from significant aggregated ones to indistinct
fibrillose ones, without groves or lines, not translucent; deliquescent.
Category one usually presents a ring-like zone which isn’t a real ring near the
base of the stem. Sometimes confused with Coprinellus,
but can be separated by the type of pileipellis. The category includes sect.Atramentariae, sect.Picacea,
etc. (sections definition according to Zhu LY et al. 2022)
Category Two: Representative C.lagopus.
Compared to category one, category two have smaller basidiomata (cap diameter usually
≈ 4cm, stem usually ≈ 5cm in width); context thin,
somewhat translucent when mature; woolly squamules on pileus usually distinct,
but can be easily washed off; usually deliquescent. Category two are often
covered with whitish squamules on cap. The category includes sect.Cinereae and sect.Lanatulae,
etc.
Category Three: Representative C.bellula.
Basidiomata much much
smaller – easily missed if not paying attention. Pileus deeply grooved; context
very thin, often translucent, but often covered with a lot of non-translucent
squamules. Well, in fact, category three are so tiny and thin that they barely
have any context to deliquesce with, so instead of deliquescing, they collapse
and barely forms any liquid. Easily confused with Tulosesus,
Narcissea or Parasola.
Generally, Tulosesus species have tomentose pileus surface without
squamules, if with squamules they don’t stay up on the pileus for a long time. Narcissea
are covered with a lot of squamules, but they have wavy (crenate) pileus
margin, some species even presents a clear ring. Parasola
have smooth pileus (not tomentose or squamulose), and a usually depressed,
never umbonate pileus center. Coprinopsis
(Category 3) are covered with a lot of squamules, but lacks wavy pileus margin,
and are usually larger than Naricissea.
However, things like squamules can be easily washed off, so you’d better check
their microscopic features before making a conclusion. The category includes sect.Coprinopsis, sect.Niveae and
sect.Subniveae, etc.
Category Four: Representative C.jilinensis.
Similar to category one, but they do not deliquescent, like the species in Psathyrella. Category four species are really rare.
图一 墨汁拟鬼伞C.atramentaria，1类拟鬼伞。1类拟鬼伞的体型相对粗壮，菌盖非半透明状，没有明显的条纹。
Fig 1. C.atrementaria,
category 1.
图二至三 幼年和成年的灰盖拟鬼伞C.cinerea，2类拟鬼伞。2类拟鬼伞的体型相对小，幼年菌盖表面被明显白色菌幕残余，成年后菌盖近似半透明状，可见条纹。灰盖拟鬼伞也是常用的模式物种之一。
Fig 2-3. C.cinerea,
category 2. C.cinerea is a common model
species in studying mushrooms.
图四 美丽拟鬼伞C.bellula，3类拟鬼伞。3类拟鬼伞的体型最小，菌盖半透明状，表面明显沟刻，被大量鳞片。
Fig 4. C.bellula,
category 3.
描述 Description：
担子果伞菌型，多数物种鬼伞状，少数物种小脆柄菇状。中等体型至微型。一些种从地下菌核上长出。
菌盖幼时卵圆形至椭圆形，后逐渐展开为钟形、圆锥形、凸镜形、半圆形或贝壳型，少数物种近平展，颜色多样，半透明、白色、灰色、黄色、淡肉色、灰褐色等颜色，成熟后边缘常外翻。表面常被菌幕残余形成的鳞片（有时不明显），鳞片细小纤维状或块状，颜色多样，白色、褐色、灰色、淡黄色或其他颜色。盖表有或无沟纹，菌肉中等厚度至薄。菌褶密集至较密，不等长，离生，初期白色或浅灰色，成熟后深灰色、近黑色或棕红色，自融或不自融。菌柄中空，圆柱形或近圆柱形，基部常略膨大，表面光滑或被鳞片，中下部有时有类似菌环的构造，实为菌环状嵴状隆起（由外菌幕残余形成），有时假根状延长。
担孢子椭圆形、杏仁形、卵圆形、圆柱形、近纺锥形、近球形、近多角形或近钟形，芽孔一般中生，偶尔略微偏生，光滑，偶尔有疣突，深色。担子多数4孢。褶缘囊状体、侧生囊状体有或无。盖皮表皮型（cutis），由椭圆形、圆柱形或菌丝状细胞构成。锁状联合一般存在。
生境分布：腐生，通常簇生或群生。1类拟鬼伞多生于腐木、掩埋在地下的腐木或者活木树根附近，23类拟鬼伞多生于植物残体（如枯枝落叶、草茎、枯竹等）上或土壤、草地、粪便上.
模式物种：费赖斯拟鬼伞Coprinopsis friesii (Quél.)
P. Karst. 1881
Basidiomata agaricoid,
mostly coprinoid, few species psathyrelloid.
Medium sized to micro. Some species emerge from underground sclerotia.
Pileus ovoid to ellipsoid when
young, becoming conical, convex to hemispherical, or nearly flat, variated in
color: translucent, white, grey, yellow, pale pinkish, greyish brown, etc.,
often with a reflexed margin when mature. Pileus surface often covered with
squamules that are in fact veil remanents (sometimes indistinct), squamules
fibrillose or in lumps, variated in color: white, brown, grey, pale yellow,
etc. Pileus surface with or without groves or lines. Context medium to thin in
thickness. Lamellae dense to crowded, lamellulae present, free, whitish to pale
greyish when young, dark greyish, blackish to reddish brown when mature,
deliquescing or not. Stem hollow, cylindrical or subcylindrical, often with a
slightly swollen base, surface smooth or covered with squamules, sometimes with
a ring-like zone towards the base of the stem (which is in fact universal veil
remanent), occasionally with pseudorrhiza.
Basidiospores ellipsoid,
amygdaliform, ovoid, cylindrical, subfusiform,
globose, polygonal or bell-shaped, germ pores usually central, or slightly
eccentric, smooth, occasionally with warts, dark in color. Basidia mostly 4
spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia present or absent.
Pileipellis a cutis, composed of ellipsoid, cylindrical or hyphae-formed cells.
Clamp connections usually present.
Ecology & Distribution: Saprobic, usually in clusters or gregariously. Type 1
usually on wood, buried wood or near the trunks of trees. Type 2 and 3 usually
on plant debries (leaves & twigs & stalk
& banboo) or on earth, grasslands and dungs.
Type Species: Coprinopsis friesii (Quél.)
P. Karst. 1881
参考资料References
朱力扬，黄梅，图力古尔. 2022. 中国鬼伞类真菌的分类. 菌物学报， 41（6）：878-898
Keirle,
M. R., D. E. Hemmes & D. E. Desjardin. 2004 .
Agaricales of the Hawaiian Islands. 8. Agaricaceae:
Coprinus and Podaxis; Psathyrellaceae:
Coprinopsis, Coprinellus,
and Parasola. Fungal Diversity 15: 33–124.
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引用 Cite as
蔡佳铭.拟鬼伞属Coprinopsis.菌物志. 2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top
Jiaming Cai. Genus Coprinopsis
in China. Mycopedia. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top