担子菌Basidiomycete > 蘑菇目Agaricales > 蘑菇科Agaricaceae
> 海氏蘑菇属Heinemannomyces
上一次编辑：2022/7/10
Last edit: 2022/7/710
作者：卷柏
By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia
海氏蘑菇属Heinemannomyces Watling. 1999
图1 华丽海氏菇H.splendidissimus，比例尺=2cm（引自 Iqbal Hosen等，2017）
Fig
1. H.splendidissimus (Retrieved from Iqbal Hosen et.al., 2017)
海氏蘑菇属是蘑菇科下一个鲜为人知的属，仅包含了一个热带地区的物种，即华丽海氏菇（海氏蘑菇）Heinemannomyces splendidissimus。该属纪念了菌物学家Paul Heinemann（1916-1996），一位专门研究非洲蘑菇的比利时植物学家和菌物学家（？），层蘑菇属Hymenagaricus便是他发表的。海氏蘑菇十分容易辨别——它有着灰蓝色的菌褶，而放眼整个蘑菇目都鲜有这种颜色的菌褶。
核心特征：伞菌状。腐生，地生。子实体小型，被密集的灰褐色、红褐色至褐色絮状至绒毛状鳞片。菌褶离生，带有蓝色调。孢子印深蓝色至深紫色。
Heinemannomyces is a poorly known genus in
Agaricaceae, contains only one tropical species, H.splendidissimus. The name
Heinemannomyces is named after Paul Heinemann (1916-1996), a Belgian mycologist
and botanists who focus on African mushrooms. Hymenagaricus,
for example, is one genus raised by him. H.splendidissimus is easy to
recognize with its greyish blue gills. Bluish gills are rare in whole
Agaricales.
Core Features: Agaricoid. Saprobic, terrestrial.
Basidiomata small, with dense greyish brown, reddish brown to brown floccose to
woolly squamules. Gills free, bluish. Spore print dark blue to dark purple.
描述 Description：
担子果小型，伞菌状。
菌盖：直径3-5cm，幼时扁半球形，逐渐开展为扁平至平展，表面污白色至淡褐色，密被有灰褐色、红褐色、栗褐色或紫褐色羊毛状（woolly）、蛛网状（arachnoid）或絮状（floccose）菌幕残余，菌盖边缘常有悬垂的菌幕残片。
菌褶：离生，幼时铅灰色，后逐渐变深蓝色或蓝灰色，密，薄，不等长，宽达4mm。
菌柄：长5-8cm，直径0.4-0.6cm。中生，近圆柱形，基部略膨大，近白色，中下部（菌环以下）覆盖大量菌幕残余。
菌环：脆弱，容易撕破消失。
菌肉：灰白色，气味和口味未知。
孢子印：深蓝色或深紫罗兰色。
担孢子：(5)5.5-7(7.5)×3.5-4(4.5)μm，椭圆形或长椭圆形，在H2O中深紫罗兰色，在5%KOH中褐色、淡褐色至灰褐色，无芽孔，光滑。
担子：15-23×6.5-7.5μm，棒状，4孢。
褶缘囊状体：存在，窄棒状至近梭形，25-40×6-8μm，近无色，透明。
侧生囊状体：缺失。
锁状联合：未见。
盖表鳞片：由不规则排列、不易断裂的菌丝构成，菌丝交错不齐，薄壁，成堆时砖红色，单个观察时在KOH和H2O中无色或淡红色。菌丝圆柱形，4-10μm宽。
菌柄表皮：类似于盖表鳞片，但颜色更淡，菌丝3-8μm宽。
生境分布：腐生，地生，单生或少量散生。林地表多见。分布于东南亚。
经济价值：食用性未知。
讨论：该种发表时记载有锁状联合，但是在我国的标本中未见，分子研究显示，两者的DNA序列基本一致，属同一物种。我国可能还有海氏蘑菇属的其他物种，但暂未被发现或发表。
General Description: Basidiomata small, agaricoid.
Pileus: 3-5cm in diameter. Flattened
hemispherical at first, becoming plano-convex to nearly flat. Surface whitish,
densely covered with greyish brown, chestnut brown or purplish brown woolly,
arachnoid or floccose veil remanent. Hanging veil remanent often can be
observed at the margin of the pileus.
Lamellae:
Free,
lead greyish when young, becoming dark blue or greyish blue, crowded, thin,
lamellulae present, up to 4mm broad.
Stem:
5-8cm
long, 0.4-0.6cm in diameter. Central, nearly cylindrical, slightly swollen at
the base, whitish, with a lot of veil remanent at the middle and lower (below
the annulus).
Annulus: Fragile, easily vanish.
Context:
Greyish
white, odor & taste unknown.
Spore
print: Dark
bluish or dark purplish.
Basidiospores:
(5)5.5-7(7.5)
x 3.5-4(4.5) µm, ellipsoid to long ellipsoid, dark violet in H2O,
brown to pale brown in 5%KOH, without germ pores, smooth.
Basidia:
15-23
x 6.5-7.5µm, clavate, 4 spored.
Cheilocystidia:
Present,
narrowly clavate to fusiform, 25-40 x 6-8µm,
hyline.
Pleurocystidia:
Absent.
Clamp
connections: Not
observed.
Pileipellis
(veils): Made
up of irregular arranged hyphae which not easily break. Hyphae thin walled,
brick-read when in pile, hyline or pale reddish in KOH and H2O
individually. Cylindrical, 4-10µm in diameter.
Stipitipellis: Similar
to pileipellis, but paler, measuring 3-8µm
in diameter.
Ecology & Distribution: Saprobic, terrestrial. Single or
scattered. Commonly found on forestland. Distribute in Southeast Asia.
Edibility: Unknown.
Comments: Watling’s original description
mentioned clamp connections present, but none is observed in Chinese specimens.
The DNA between the two specimens are nearly identical, and belongs to the same
species. There can be more Heinemannomyces species in China, but are not
observed or published yet.
图2 华丽海氏菇H.splendidissimus幼年时的菌褶为铅灰色，摄于云南西双版纳
Fig 2. H.splendidissimus gills
are lead grey when young, photo in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan.
相似物种Similar Species：
红褶小伞属（暗褶菌属）Melanophyllum：
红褶小伞属的菌褶颜色差异大，一些物种呈现红褐色，另一些，如M.eyrei，呈现蓝绿色，和华丽海氏菇的菌褶颜色较为相似。不过，红褶小伞属的子实体极小，盖表菌幕残余的形态不同，且孢子印为绿色至蓝绿色，而非深蓝色至深紫罗兰色。
黄蘑菇属Xanthagaricus
部分黄蘑菇属物种，如X.siamensis（在我国暂未发现），其菌褶完全成熟后也会泛蓝色。不过，黄蘑菇属的孢子一般为淡黄色至黄褐色，且其盖表菌幕残余的形态不同。X.siamensis的菌褶幼时近无色，后逐渐带绿色调，最后接近蓝色，且菌褶受伤后变粉色，这些特征可以和海氏蘑菇区分。
分子树Phylogenetic Tree：
基于多篇参考文献，整理出黄蘑菇属、假环柄菇属、层蘑菇属和海氏蘑菇属的大致系统发育关系。青褶伞属为外群。
黄蘑菇属和假环柄菇属构成一个类群，海氏蘑菇属落入层蘑菇属内，但两者的宏观形态差异太大，因此没有合并。
粉尘环柄菇属Coniolepiota和Eriocybe属已被确认是姊妹群且位于该系统树内，但该姊妹群在系统发育树中的具体位置未定。蘑菇属Agaricus、小蘑菇属Micropsalliota、绿托褶菇属Clarkeinda在该系统树中的位置有争议。
参考资料References
杨祝良主编. 中国真菌志第五十二卷环柄菇类（蘑菇科）[M].2019.科学出版社
Iqbal Hosen, Zong-ping Song, Genevieve Gates,
Samantha C. Karunarathna.Two new species of Xanthagaricus and some notes on
Heinemannomyces from Asia[J].2017, MycoKeys 28(28):1-18
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引用 Cite as
蔡佳铭.海氏蘑菇属Heinemannomyces 菌物志. 2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top
Jiaming Cai. Genus Heinemannomyces in
China. Mycopedia. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top
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