担子菌Basidiomycete > 伞菌目Agaricales > 小脆柄菇科Psathyrellaceae > 近地伞属Parasola
上一次编辑：2022/7/12
Last edit: 2022/7/12
作者：卷柏
By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia
近地伞属Parasola Redhead,
Vilgalys & Hopple 2001
= 同义词Synonym Namer
别称
俗称
图一
刺毛近地伞组Parasola setulosa近似种。
拍摄者：豹
Fig 1 Captions
和那些一言不合就融化成墨汁的鬼伞不同，近地伞类是一类小型而精致的鬼伞类真菌，常见于草地、土壤和腐木上。它们的体型小而脆弱，虽然不会自融，但菌体也会在几个小时内萎缩并很快塌陷成一团，部分学者将这种介于自融和非自融的情况称为萎蔫（collapsing）。
传统上，近地伞属可分为两组：金毛组sect.Auricoma和近地伞组sect.Parasola。其中，金毛组仅包含了5种（P.malakandensis，刺毛近地伞P.setulosa，金毛近地伞P.auricoma，锥盖近地伞P.conopilea，小脆柄菇状近地伞P.psathyrelloides），共同特征是盖表有褐色厚壁的刚毛（也就是所谓的sclerocystidia），而其余的近地伞属物种都在近地伞组中。但这5个物种中，后两者的形态十分特殊，和多数近地伞的画风截然不同，而系统树证明了这个猜想：后续的分子生物学研究证明金毛组很可能是一个并系群，锥盖近地伞和小脆柄菇状近地伞构成单系群，位于系统树的底部；而其他物种则构成另一个单系群。目前关于近地伞的分类仍然有争议，我认为将两个特殊物种单独作为锥盖组sect.Conopilea，而将其余的物种全部并入近地伞组sect.Parasola，不失为一种好的处理方式。
宏观上近地伞组的成员菌盖成熟时平展，很薄，有明显的沟刻，颜色一般为灰色或半透明状，表面没有任何鳞片。在菌盖中部常有一处凹陷（disc），凹陷处往往有明显的边界，凹陷内颜色不同。此外，菌柄细长易断，菌褶淡灰色至黑色。整体看上去如同一把微型的阳伞。近地伞属的学名“Parasola”源自“Parasol”，就是遮阳伞的意思，指其类似于遮阳伞的形态。近地伞组多见于开阔的草地、落叶层、腐草等环境。
宏观上锥盖组的菌盖成熟后是锥形的，菌肉相对较厚，菌盖表面也没有深沟刻（但有些物种盖表有浅沟纹），形态和气质与近地伞组截然不同，反而更接近于小脆柄菇属Psathyrella。它们的菌盖表面同样没有任何鳞片。并且，锥盖组的菌褶边缘往往颜色较淡，近白色，这一点很特殊。锥盖组多见于腐木、林地落叶层、粪便等环境，偶尔也出现在草地上。
近地伞属锥盖组的形态十分特殊，不容易认错。不过，有一堆和近地伞组的物种外貌相似的蘑菇。对于初学者来说，黄白小菇Atheniella flavoalba和近地伞组长得较为相似，但其实两者的关系很远：黄白小菇的菌褶和孢子印均为白色，但近地伞（乃至整个鬼伞类）都有深色的菌褶和孢子印。刺毛鬼伞属Tulosesus经常和近地伞组混淆，许多近地伞的菌盖中间会凹陷，但刺毛鬼伞不会；且刺毛鬼伞的菌盖表面有一层绒毛；显微特征上，刺毛鬼伞的盖皮为Paraderm型，由球形、近球形或圆角多边形细胞构成，近地伞属的盖皮为子实层型Hymeniderm，由单层球茎形细胞组成。心孢鬼伞属Narcissea和拟鬼伞属Coprinopsis的部分物种的物种菌盖表面有鳞片，但当鳞片脱落后也和近地伞很相似。它们的菌盖中间同样不会凹陷。拟鬼伞的体型一般更大，没有近地伞那么脆弱，且盖皮为表皮型cutis；心孢鬼伞属的菌盖边缘波浪形，盖皮为表皮型cutis，且孢子为心形或多边形。
核心特征：子实体较为脆弱易碎。菌褶离生。菌褶、孢子印和孢子颜色为褐黑色调或灰黑色调。盖表无任何鳞片，但可能被刚毛。盖皮子实层型hymeniderm。
近地伞组：子实体小而脆弱。菌盖薄，表面有明显深沟刻，成熟后平展，且中部常常凹陷，表面无任何鳞片。菌褶淡灰色至黑色。
锥盖组：子实体较为脆弱。菌盖较厚，无深沟刻，但有时有条纹，成熟后圆锥形，表面无任何鳞片。菌褶黑色，边缘白色。
Parasola, a delicate coprinoid
genus in Psathyrellaceae. Unlike those deliquescing
relatives, Parasola do not turn in to black
goo when mature. The mushrooms are small and fragile, and do not deliquefy,
instead they collapses and becomes a mess when mature. They are common on
grasslands, soil and wood.
Traditionally, Parasola
are split into two sections: sect. Auricoma,
containing only 5 species (P.malakandensis, P.setulosa, P.auricoma,
P.conopilea and P.psathyrelloides),
and sect. Parasola containing the rest of the
species. The morphological difference is that sect. Auricoma
presents brownish, thick-walled bristles (sclerocystidia)
on cap. P.conopilea and P.psathyrelloides have special macroscopic feature,
different from all the other species in genus Parasola,
but look similar to Psathyrella species.
The DNA results were as expected: a phylogenetic study of Parasola
shows that sect. Auricoma are paraphyletic, and conopilea-psathyrelloides forms a monophyletic group, at
the base of the phylogenetic tree. The ways of splitting subcategories under Parasola are up for debate. Personally, I support
treating conopilea-psathyrelloides into a separate
section (sect. Conopilea) supported both by DNA
results and morphological similarities, and all other species go to sect. Parasola.
Species in sect. Parasola features a flat, deeply grooved, thin cap when
mature, usually greyish or somewhat translucent, without any forms of scales,
squamules or granules. The center of the cap usually presents a depression with
clear edge called a ‘disc’. The inside the disc is different in color. Besides
these, the stem is long and fragile, and the gills are pale greyish to
blackish. The whole mushroom looks like a tiny parasol, so fragile that almost
collapses after a few touches. Common on wide grasslands, forest litter or
rotten grass straw.
Species in sect. Conopilea features a conical, not deeply grooved (but
sometimes lined) cap. The context is relatively thicker and not translucent, so
the mushroom seems to be more firm, like Psathyrella
species. Also without any forms of scales, squamules or granules. Their gills
are also special that features a whitish edge. Common on wood, forest litter or
dung, occasionally on grasslands.
Sect. Conopilea
can be easily recognized during filed observations, but a dozen of miniature
mushrooms look more or less similar to sect. Parasola.
For beginners, they often confuse Atheniella flavoalba with Parasola,
but they aren’t even closely related: the former features white gills and spore
print, while the latter (and all coprinoid mushrooms)
features blackish to greyish gills and spore print. Tulosesus
is a coprinoid genus similar to Parasola,
but lacks the clear-edged disc at the center of the cap, and usually presents a
tomentose cap; microscopically, Tulosesus features a pileipellis
composed of globose, subglobose or rounded polygonal shaped cells (a paraderm pileipellis), Parasola features a pileipellis composed of
tuber-shaped cells (a hymeniderm pileipellis). Narcissea and some small species in Coprinopsis have squamulosed
cap, but can be similar to Parasola after
being washed by rain. Again, they lack lacks the clear-edged disc at the center
of the cap. More specifically, Coprinopsis pileipellis a cutis; Narcissea features a wavy cap
margin (which makes the cap outline like a small flower), pileipellis a cutis,
and heart-shaped to polygonal spores.
Core Features: Basidiomata relatively thin and
fragile. Gills free. Gills, spores and spore print brownish black or greyish
black. No squamules or scales or granules (but sometimes ‘bristles’ present).
Pileipellis a hymeniderm.
Sect. Parasola: Basidiomata very small and fragile.
Cap thin, deeply sulcate, flattened with a central disc when mature. Gills pale
greyish to blackish.
Sect. Conopilea: Basidiomata fragile. Cap
relatively thick, not sulcated, but sometimes
striated, conical when mature. Gills black, with whitish edge.
描述 Description：
担子果微型至中型，伞菌型，鬼伞状。
近地伞组：菌盖幼年长椭圆形、半球形至卵圆形，后逐渐展开为凸镜形、扁凸镜形至平展，表面有明显深沟刻，灰色、灰褐色、黄褐色、红褐色或半透明状灰色，薄，膜质；表面光滑或有刚毛；完全平展后菌盖中部常有一的凹陷处，凹陷一般边界较为明显，凹陷内的颜色不同，淡黄色、黄褐色、深红褐色或其他色调。菌褶离生，窄，较稀至较密，初期半透明或淡灰色，后逐渐变棕色、深灰色至近黑色，不等长，后发生萎蔫。菌柄中生，中空，脆骨质，细长，圆柱形或近圆柱形，通常近白色，表面光滑。担孢子
生境分布：输入
经济价值：输入
Type in
Ecology & Distribution: T
Economic Value: T
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参考资料References
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引用 Cite as
蔡佳铭.近地伞属Parasola.菌物志. 2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top
Jiaming Cai. Genus Parasola
in China. Mycopedia. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top
