担子菌Basidiomycete > 蘑菇目Agaricales > 蘑菇科Agaricaceae
> 黄蘑菇属Xanthagaricus
上一次编辑：2022/7/10
Last edit: 2022/7/10
作者：卷柏
By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia
黄蘑菇属
Xanthagaricus (Heinem.)
Little Flower, Hosag. & T.K. Abraham 1997
= Hymenagaricus subgen. Xanthagaricus
Heinem. (1984)
图1（左）黄蘑菇属典型特征 A.B.黄鳞黄蘑菇Xanthagaricus flavosquamosus C.D.Xanthagaricus necopinatus 比例尺=5mm
图2（右）蓝底黄蘑菇Xanthagaricus caeruleus，比例尺=10mm
Fig
1 Left. Typical macroscopic feature of Xanthagaricus. A.B. Xanthagaricus flavosquamosus C.D. Xanthagaricus necopinatus Bars=5mm
Fig
2 Right. The annoying Xanthagaricus caeruleus, Bars=10mm
（图片引自 Iqbal Hosen等，2017） (Retrieved from Iqbal Hosen
et.al., 2017)
黄蘑菇属是蘑菇科下的一个小属，包含了一些小型的，簇生的伞菌。
黄蘑菇属的中文名和学名（Xantho-意为黄）都表明了它和黄色的关系。那黄蘑菇究竟是哪里黄呢？很显然，看上图应该很容易猜到：多数（但不是所有）黄蘑菇属的物种盖表都有黄色素，因此菌盖呈现黄色。此外，“黄”也指黄蘑菇属物种特殊的孢子颜色。黄蘑菇属曾经是作为层蘑菇属Hymenagaricus下的一个亚属处理的。但它和层蘑菇属下其他物种不同，其孢子颜色更淡，接近黄褐色，而不同于其他层蘑菇的紫黑色孢子，因此该类群被命名为黄蘑菇。Little Flower等人（奇怪的名字）列举了包括孢子颜色在内的，黄蘑菇和层蘑菇的区别，并以此为依据将黄蘑菇独立为属。这样的分类方式得到了分子证据的支持。
然而也有一些离经叛道的黄蘑菇属物种，如蓝底黄蘑菇X.caeruleus，其菌盖呈紫色调（盖表菌丝的色素为绿色至褐色），菌褶为墨水蓝色，孢子为灰蓝色或灰褐色——反正浑身和“黄”都不沾边，但分子研究清晰地表明该种属于黄蘑菇属。以前菌物学家一般依赖孢子的颜色来对蘑菇进行分类，但蓝底黄蘑菇打破了此前对于黄蘑菇属孢子颜色的认知。这也表明，孢子的颜色或许不是一个稳定的特征，不适合作为分类依据。
黄蘑菇属和蘑菇属、小蘑菇属的区别是黄蘑菇属盖表有通常呈现黄色的壳状（偶尔纤维状、羊毛状）鳞片，由通常为球形或近球形的，膜皮状（hymeniform）或由拟薄壁组织状细胞（pseudoparenchymatous）构成，后两者则一般没有。黄蘑菇属和蘑菇属的区别还有蘑菇属通常不簇生，体型更大，成熟菌褶颜色更深（接近深褐色或黑色，而黄蘑菇属一般黄褐色或淡褐色）。小蘑菇属的盖表菌丝色素在NH₄OH中变橄榄绿色，在黄蘑菇属中未见相关报道。
核心特征：伞菌状。腐生，地生。子实体小型。菌盖被鳞片。菌褶离生，未成熟时白色，成熟后通常褐色调，少数物种蓝色或绿色调。孢子通常为黄褐色调，也有例外。孢子非淀粉质。无侧生囊状体和锁状联合。盖表菌丝有色素，一般黄色调，还是有一些呈现绿色调或紫色调的例外。
Xanthagaricus is a small genus belongs to
Agaricaceae, contains a series of small agarics growing in clusters.
‘Xantho-‘means
yellow, so, why is Xanthagaricus named so? Obviously, the cap of most Xanthagaricus
species (but not all) are yellow, like Fig 1 shows, that’s caused by the
yellowish pigment in the cap surface. Besides that, ‘Xantho’ also refers to the
color of the mushrooms’ spores. Xanthagaricus was originally placed in Hymenagaricus
as a subgenus, however differs from any other subgenera in Hymenagaricus
by having paler, brownish-yellow spores instead of purplish-black ones.
‘Xantho’ indicates the difference. Later, Xanthagaricus was promoted by
Little Flower et.al. (Yep, that’s the mycologist’s name), who listed the
difference between subgen.Xanthagaricus and other subgenera in
Hymenagaricus. The promotion is supported by DNA studies.
Yet
there are some oddballs in Xanthagaricus, typically: X.caeruleus.
It has got a cap with purple scales, greenish or brownish plasmatic pigment and
ink-blue gills. Not even its basidiospores are brownish – they are greyish blue
or brownish grey. However, DNA studies clearly shows the species position in Xanthagaricus.
Mycologists used to rely on spore color to classify mushroom, but X.caeruleus’
spore print doesn’t match our previous definition of Xanthagaricus. This
case shows that the color of spores can be variable, and it may just not be the
correct standard for classifying mushrooms.
Core Features: Agaricoid. Saprobic, terrestrial.
Basidiomata small. Cap with squamules. Gills free, white when young and usually
brownish when mature, but some species have bluish or greenish gills when
mature. Spores are usually yellow to brown, but with a few exceptions. Spores
inamyloid. Pleurocystidia and clamps absent. Cap surface hyphae (pileal
surface) with pigments, usually yellowish, again there were exceptions which
are greenish or purplish.
描述 Description：
担子果伞菌状，小型，少数物种中等大小。菌盖半球形至凸镜形，后逐渐平凸或平展，颜色一般黄色调，少数紫色调，菌盖中部颜色更深。盖表有鳞片，壳状、纤维状或羊毛状，菌盖边缘常有悬垂的菌幕残余。菌褶离生，黄白色、淡粉色，成熟后黄褐色至淡灰褐色，少数墨汁蓝色或者绿色，不等长。菌柄基本等长，圆柱状，中生，淡黄色、淡灰黄色至褐色，表面有鳞片。有或无菌环，菌环存在时脆弱易消失。担孢子椭圆形至宽椭圆形，常不光滑（疣突往往细小而不明显，在SEM下可见），少数物种光滑，淡黄色至黄褐色，少数灰绿色至灰褐色，非淀粉质。担子棒状，透明或淡黄色。褶缘囊状体存在，侧生囊状体缺失。盖表鳞片上皮型。锁状联合缺失。菌盖鳞片上皮型（epithelial），少数平伏型（cutis）；由通常为球形或近球形的，膜皮状（hymeniform）或由拟薄壁组织状细胞（pseudoparenchymatous）构成；菌丝末端主要由球形或近球形的细胞构成。
生境分布：腐生，地生，往往群生或簇生。林地表多见。分布于亚洲和非洲，多见于亚热带和热带地区。
经济价值：食用性未知。
模式物种：Xanthagaricus
flavidorufus
常见物种：我国目前已知七个物种：蓝紫黄蘑菇X.ianthinus、X.epipastus（暂拟为 深橄榄色黄蘑菇，因其菌盖鳞片颜色被描述为“dark
brown”“olivaceous”）、X.flavosquamosus（暂拟为
黄鳞黄蘑菇，种加词直译）、X.caeruleus（暂拟为 蓝底黄蘑菇，种加词为“蓝色”之意，指其菌褶颜色，因而拟名蓝底黄蘑菇）、台湾黄蘑菇X.taiwanensis、X.necopinatus（存疑）、深圳黄蘑菇（待发表）
讨论：黄蘑菇属的主要特征是子实体小型至中等；菌褶离生；菌盖有鳞片，鳞片上皮型（epithelial）、毛皮型（trichoderm）或由拟薄壁组织状细胞（pseudoparenchymatous）构成；菌褶成熟后非白色，往往带有黄褐色调，少数墨汁蓝色或绿色；无侧生囊状体和锁状联合；盖表菌丝胞内色素一般黄色调，少数绿色调；孢子一般带有黄色或黄褐色调，非淀粉质。黄蘑菇属的学名Xanthagaricus中，xantho-前缀是黄色之意，指的是其菌盖菌丝带有黄色的胞内色素，以及担孢子多少带有黄色或黄褐色调。许多黄蘑菇属菌盖为黄色调，此外黄蘑菇属还有菌盖呈现紫色调（蓝紫黄蘑菇X.ianthinus、X.purpureosquamulosus、X.caeruleus）和菌盖呈现绿色调（X.subepipastus）的物种。
General Description: Basidiomata agaricoid, small, few species medium sized. Pileus hemispherical to convex, becoming plano-convex to nearly flat, usually yellowish with a darkened center, few species purplish. Pileus surface with fibrillose to floccose squamules, inner veil remanent often present at the margin of the pileus. Lamellae free, yellowish white, pale pinkish when young, yellowish brown to pale greyish brown when mature, few species ink blue or green when mature, lamellulae present. Stem equal, cylindrical, central, pale yellowish, pale greyish yellow to brownish, covered with scales. Annulus present or absent, when present usually fragile and evanescent. Basidiospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, usually rough (with minute warts observable under SEM), few species smooth. Pale yellow to yellowish brown, few species greenish or greyish brown, inamyloid. Basidia clavate, hyaline to pale yellowish. Cheilocystidia present, pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis (squamules) a epithelium or a cutis, composed of usually globose to subglobose, hymeniform or pseudoparenchymatous cells. Clamp connections absent. Squamules epithelial, a trichoderm or are composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells. The end of hyphae mainly composed of globose to subglobose cells.
Ecology & Distribution: Saprobic, terrestrial. Scattered
or in clusters. Usually on forestland. Mainly distribute in Asia and Africa,
mostly found in tropical and subtropical areas.
Edibility: Unknown.
Type species: Xanthagaricus flavidorufus
Known species in China: X.ianthinus, X.epipastus,
X.flavosquamosus, X.caeruleus, X.taiwanensis, X.necopinatus
图3 蓝紫黄蘑菇X.ianthinus，在华中和华东地区常见的一种黄蘑菇属物种 A-C.子实体 D.担孢子 比例尺a,c=2mm，b=5mm, d=5µm（引自Wang, F.等，2018）
Fig 3 X.ianthinus, a common species in central and southern China. A-C Basidiomata. D.Basidiospores, Bars a,c=2mm, b=5mm, d=5µm (Retrieved from Wang, F. et.al, 2018)
图4 深橄榄色黄蘑菇X.epipastus子实体 比例尺a,d=3mm, b,c=5mm（引自Wang, F.等，2018）
Fig
4. Basidiomata of X.epipastus. Bars a,d=3mm, b,c=5mm (Retrieved from
Wang, F. et.al, 2018)
分子树Phylogenetic Tree：
基于多篇参考文献，整理出黄蘑菇属、假环柄菇属、层蘑菇属和海氏蘑菇属的大致系统发育关系。青褶伞属为外群。
黄蘑菇属和假环柄菇属构成一个类群，海氏蘑菇属落入层蘑菇属内，但两者的宏观形态差异太大，因此没有合并。
粉尘环柄菇属Coniolepiota和Eriocybe属已被确认是姊妹群且位于该系统树内，但该姊妹群在系统发育树中的具体位置未定。蘑菇属Agaricus、小蘑菇属Micropsalliota、绿托褶菇属Clarkeinda在该系统树中的位置有争议。
参考资料References
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引用 Cite as
蔡佳铭.黄蘑菇属Xanthagaricus. 菌物志. 2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top
Jiaming Cai. Genus Xanthagaricus
in China. Mycopedia. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top
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